BABYLONIAN MYTHOLOGY

  Nebuchadnezzar II (630 BC-Babylon, October 7, 562 BC) is probably the best-known ruler of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylon. He reigned between the year 604 a. C. and 562 a. C.2​ He is known for the conquest of Judah and Jerusalem, and for his monumental building activity in Babylon, such as the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon. He has traditionally been called Nebuchadnezzar the Great, but the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the conquest of Judah gave him a bad image in Jewish traditions and in the Bible, contrary to what happens in contemporary Iraq, where he is glorified as a historical leader. Nebuchadnezzar also had the E.nam.khe temple, which received the cult of Ishkur,3​4​ under his custody, preserved with great esteem.2​ He restored the E.mes.lam temple5​6​7​ and carried out reconstructions and extensions in the temple E.zida.8​

Nergal or Nirgal is the Sumerian-Babylonian god of the underworld and lord of the dead,1 being considered the sinister aspect of the sun god Utu. He rules the underworld alongside his consort, Ereshkigal. He appears as the son of Enlil and Ninlil, and according to legend, was fathered when Enlil was confined to the underworld for a period of time for raping Ninlil. When Ninlil goes to ask for Enlil (to the city of the underworld). He used to be represented by a human figure. In the E.mes.lam temple, the cult of Nergal was attributed, although the tablet BM 96952 included the name of the god Meslamtiea, who was identified with Nergal.2​3​4​5​6​

  Nimrud (known as Kalhu by the Assyrians, and as Calaj or Kalakh in the Bible) was one of the capitals of Assyria, along with Assur, Nineveh, and Dur Sharrukin. It was located along the Tigris River, about 30 km southeast of Mosul (in present-day Iraq). Its archaeological remains were dynamited by the Islamic State in the first months of 2015, making it disappear.

Marduk, was the name of a late generation god of ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon who, when Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi (18th century BC), began to gain popularity until it reached the apex of the Babylonian pantheon, a crazy era that it fully acquired in the second half of the second millennium BC. In the city of Babylon he resided in the temple of Esagila. According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, Marduk's name would possibly be pronounced Marutuk. Its origin is conjectured to derive from amar-Utu ("calf of the Sun god Utu").[1] The origin of its name may reflect an earlier genealogy, or have cultural ties to the ancient city of Sippar (whose god was Utu, the Sun god), dating back to the third millennium BC. In the perfected system of astrology, in the period of Hammurabi, the planet Jupiter was associated with Marduk.

  The mušḫuššu (𒈲𒄭𒄊, from the Sumerian MUŠ.HUŠ = Red/furious serpent-dragon)1​2​3​ is a creature typical of Mesopotamian mythology. . It was a symbol of different divinities: at first it was associated with the god Ninazu, who was venerated in Ešnunna (a Sumerian city and then an Akkadian one), and then it was associated with the god Tishpak. When this city-state was defeated by the Babylonian kingdom, the dragon/serpent was retaken by Marduk. Previously "Mušḫuššu" had been translated as sîr-ruššû, although incorrectly.5 It appears on the reconstructed Ištar Gate in the city of Babylon, as a symbol of the god Marduk. The Sumerian word muš-ḫuš appears as a loanword in the Akkadian language since the paleo-Babylonian period6 meaning angry serpent or hideous serpent.7 Although the correct transliteration is Mušḫuššu, early researchers incorrectly read it as sîr-ruššû or sirrush, (loosely translated as "splendor serpent"[citation needed]) being very widespread today.

  SIN : In Mesopotamian mythology, Sin, Sinai, Nanna, Nannar, Suen or Zuen is the god of the Moon. To the Sumerians, he was known as Nanna or Nannar, son of Enlil, god of wind and sky, and Ninlil, goddess of the air. Sin was his name in Akkadian and Babylonian. He was commonly referred to as En-zu, which means 'Lord of Wisdom'. Shamash -shum-ukin was a king of the X Dynasty of Babylon who reigned in the period 668 BC. c.-648 a. c. He received power from his brother Ashurbanipal of Assyria, who renounced the double crown of Assyria and Babylon, thus respecting the will of their father, Esarhadón. In reality, the kingdom of Babylon was now reduced to the cities of Babylon, Borsippa, Kutha and Sippar, and their environs, because Shamash-shum-ukin was jealous of his brother, who, being younger than him, had received the part elderly. Empire. Rama one of the deities par excellence of Hinduism. He is the God of correct conduct and his mission is to restore justice. Sita is the wife o...

  Nabu (in Classical Syriac, ɛɛɛ) is the god who guides writing, worshiped by the Babylonians as the son of Marduk and his wife Zarpanitum, and as the grandson of Enki.1 2 3 Nabu's wife was Tasmetu . Originally, Nabu was a West Semitic deity, introduced by the Amorites into Mesopotamia, probably at the same time as Marduk. While Marduk became Babylon's chief divinity, Nabu resided in nearby Borsippa, at his temple at E-zida. He was first called "Marduk's scribe and minister", and later assimilated as Marduk's beloved son. During the Babylonian New Year Festival, the cult statue of Nabu was transported from Borsippa to Babylon along with that of his father Marduk. Nabu is assigned the position of patron of scribes, taken from the Goddess Nisaba of Chaldean mythology. His symbols are the tablet with the writing implements. He wears a horned cap and stands with his hands folded, in the ancient priestly gesture. He rides on a winged dragon (mušhuššu) that original...

Ištar or Ishtar was the Babylonian goddess of love and beauty, life and fertility. Primarily associated with sexuality. Ištar had many lovers. Ishtar (Inanna in Sumerian sources) is a primordial Mesopotamian goddess, primarily associated with love and war. The oldest written evidence we have for a deity belongs to this powerful Mesopotamian goddess. Although not widely known today, this important ancient divinity played a complex and influential role in the religions and cultures of the Ancient Near East. In the ancient world, it is practically impossible not to stress the prominence of Inanna/Ishtar. As the most emblematic goddess of Mestopotamia, her great influence was ingrained in many aspects of the lives of her devotees, being venerated throughout the wide geographical reach of the Ancient Near East, during a period of history that spans thousands of thousands of years. of years. Ishtar comes from a very early time in the history of complex civilizations, with her cult attested i...

  Apsu is depicted as a deity only in the Babylonian creation epic Enuma Elish, recovered from Ashurbanipal's library (c. 630 BCE), but which is about 500 years older. In this story, she was a primordial being made of fresh water and attached to another primordial deity, Tiamat, who was a saltwater creature. The Enuma Elish begins: "When the sky above had not been named, the land below had not been called by name, there was nothing but the primordial Apsu, their progenitor, (and) Mummu-Tiamat, the one who gave birth to them all.. ."

  Belet-Seri  was a Mesopotamian goddess who served as a scribe in the court of the underworld goddess Ereshkigal. She could be regarded as the Akkadian counterpart of Sumerian Geshtinanna, but the name could also function as a title of Ašratum, the wife of Amurru, or as a fully independent deity. The name Belet-Seri means "mistress of the steppe.The Akkadian word ṣēru, in addition to its literal meaning, could also refer to the underworld. Old Babylonian incantations, such as Udug-hul, attest that Belet-Seri was envisioned as a scribe of the underworld (ṭupšarrat arallê). It has been proposed that she was meant to server as a mirror of the royal scribe (ṭupšar ekalli) in the underworld court of Ereshkigal. She was most likely believed to hold a list containing the names of the dead, on the basis of which they were admitted to the underworld. Her role is described in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu has a vision of the underworld in a dream. In the incantation serie...

  KULLA :  The God of bricks and construction Babylonian god of temple restoration. So what happened to the Tower of Babel? Obviously he didn't get the contract. Human beings did not build in Mesopotamia. They couldn't possibly have built. When a work was finished, the builders, owners and priests sang hymns in which it was clearly explained that no human being had intervened in the work, although, at the request of the builder gods, and always under their orders, some human beings had could collaborate. Kulla was then begged to leave the building, and depart, in his ship, to other works where humans awaited his arrival. Already, at the beginning of the work, the gods had been conjured. The land was blessed with the blood of a sacrificed ram, and liquids such as honey and cypress resin. Then, once the trenches were opened in which the foundations of the building were to be raised, samples of precious metals (gold and silver), semi-precious stones, shells, liquids and food were...

  Lugalzagesi  (circa 2340-2316 BC) was the king of the Mesopotamian city of Umma a few kilometers from Lagash, a city of which he was a staunch rival.1 Biography In the XXIV century B.C. C., Eannatum de Lagash had defeated and subdued the city of Umma, this victory is the one that is represented in the "Stele of the vultures". When Lugalzagesi ascended the throne, he organized his army and defeated Urukagina descendant of Eannatum, ending the hegemony of Lagash and including it in his patrimony, later he took the very important city of Kish, and behind it fell Nippur, Larsa, Ur, and the other Sumerian cities until he reached Uruk, where he founded the III Uruk dynasty (of which he is the only exponent). He had accumulated so many titles on his way through the Sumerian cities, such as "ensi of Enlil (Nippur)", "Governor of Utu (Ur)", "Priest of Anu (Uruk"), etc.

Babylonian mythology is based on the belief of different myths, legends and religions; it arose in the second millennium BCE. The belief in these gods became so strong that it caused the birth of a city. During the second millennium B.C. many tribes got together and decided to lead a peaceful life without anguish, they settled in what is now known as Syria and, together with the code of Hammurabi, Babylon was established as a city. For the Chaldeans, cultural heirs of the Sumerians, the Universe was a completely closed region. The Earth was flat, it was made up of immense plains with a huge mountain in the center and it floated on a great sea, which was a space forbidden to men and was called the waters of death. Heaven had been built by Marduk, out of hard, polished metal that reflected sunlight during the day. When night came, it took on a dark blue color because it became a curtain where the gods represented the planets, the Moon and the stars.          ...

  The epic of Ammisaduqa In Marduk's absence, Erra plots to devastate Babylon, turning its cities into a desert, desecrating its sacred shrines, leaving its royal palaces in ruins, and sowing strife between families. Ishum intervenes and twice tries, to no avail, to change Erra's mind. In his third attempt he passionately describes the perverse effect of the devastation of Babylon. "He who is ignorant of weapons draws his sword, He who does not know the battle makes war, The one who does not know the wings flies like a bird, the weak protects the one who has strength, the fat man outruns the runner." Ishum reports that Marduk himself has cried "oh!", his heart breaking. Throughout Babylon, in Sippar, Uruk, and Der, the people are at war and the country devastated. It concludes: "O warrior Erra, you have put the just to death, you have put the unjust to death. You have put to death the man who had offended you, You have put to death the man who had not o...

  TIAMAT  is the primordial goddess of the "salt sea" belonging to Babylonian mythology, also associated with a primordial monster of chaos mentioned in the epic poem Enûma Elish. Ti means life and loves, mother.1 Regarding her appearance, she is usually identified with the appearance of a gigantic serpent or sea dragon. In ancient Babylonian religion, Tiamat is a primordial goddess of the salty sea, who unites with Abzû, the god of fresh water, to produce younger gods. She is the symbol of the chaos of primordial creation. She is referred to as a woman and is described as the shimmering one. It is suggested that there are two parts to the Tiamat myths, the first in which Tiamat is a creator goddess, through a sacred marriage between salt and fresh water, peacefully creating the cosmos through successive generations. In the second Chaoskampf, Tiamat is considered the monstrous incarnation of primordial chaos. Some sources identify her with images of a sea serpent or a dragon.

  ANU: He was one of the oldest gods in the Sumerian pantheon, and was part of a triad of great gods, along with Enlil, god of the air and atmosphere, and Enki (also known, in Akkadian, as Ea), god of the earth or of the foundations". He was considered to be the father and first king of the gods. BEL: (Heb. Bêl, “lord [owner]”; acc. Bêlu [related to the Heb. ba’al, “lord”]). Popular name of Marduk (Merodach*), the chief god of the Babylonians (Jer 50:2). Originally Marduk was no more than a local Babylonian god, but in the time of Hammurabi he rose to prominence when Babylon became the capital of the empire. From that time on he was considered the chief of all the Babylonian gods, surpassing in excellence even his father, Ea. EA: (also known as Enki, Enkig, Nudimmud, Ninsiku) was the Sumerian god of wisdom, fresh water, intelligence, cunning-mischief, crafts, magic, exorcism, healing, creation, virility , fertility and art. Iconography depicts him as a bearded man wearing a horned...